Periodontal disease and systemic health

Since the early 1960s, periodontology has witnessed remarkable changes in understanding the disease processes that make up periodontitis, and their relationship to the body as a whole. The focus on infection and inflammation of the gingiva and periodontium, which are critical components of the disease process, has shifted to include significant associations with other body systems.

Periodontal disease is an infectious and inflammatory process that progresses through distinct stages. The early stage of periodontal disease, gingivitis, is characterised by inflammation of the gums caused by plaque and bacteria accumulation. Gingivitis is reversible when treated either professionally and/ or with adequate home care. However, if left untreated, it can progress to a more severe state where the infectious and inflammatory processes extend to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (Newman et al, 2011).