Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

The human body is a complex structure made up of interdependent systems that function as one single entity where the consequence of one system failing influences the normal function in other areas (Waugh and Grant, 2014). A musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) is the result of gradual injury to a structure in the musculoskeletal system from repeated overuse, overstretching or from increased impact on an area of the body, leading to trauma and damage. Areas at risk of injury are joints, muscles and bone, as well as nerves, tendons, cartilage and intervertebral discs (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 2015). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) occur when the workplace has played a significant role in the injury, either as a result of the work environment or working conditions, or if that injury has persisted or been exacerbated by various factors, e.g. constant exposure to vibration, repetitive work procedures, heavy lifting, etc. Bending, reaching, twisting and other related movements are all actions related to WMSDs. Parts of the body affected include the neck, shoulder, elbow, hand, wrist and back.